Evaluation of Carrageenan Yield and Toxicity from Kappaphycus alvarezii: Implications for Aquaculture and Environmental Impact
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61741/5r66rh88Keywords:
Carrageenan extraction, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Toxicity assessment, Artemia salina larvae, Mariculture sustainabilityAbstract
Carrageenan, a polysaccharide derived from red seaweeds, is widely used across industries due to its gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Among the species of red algae, Kappaphycus alvarezii is a key source for carrageenan production, especially in tropical mariculture systems. The extraction process involves several steps, including grinding, hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and drying, each critical for optimizing both yield and quality of the final product. Despite its industrial applications, concerns about carrageenan's toxicity have been raised, particularly its potential to induce inflammation and immunosuppression, which may affect aquatic organisms in mariculture systems. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of carrageenan from K. alvarezii and assess its toxicity on Artemia salina larvae as a bioassay model. Extraction was conducted at varying concentrations (6% to 10% of the seaweed weight), with the highest yield obtained at 6%. The carrageenan extract was then tested for toxicity on A. salina larvae at concentrations of 10,000 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 2,500 ppm, 1,250 ppm, and 625 ppm. Mortality rates increased with higher concentrations, with the highest concentration causing near-total mortality within 24 hours (94.67%). The LC50 value for carrageenan extract was calculated to be 4.24 μg/mL, indicating a concentration-dependent toxicity. The regression analysis showed a strong linear relationship between concentration and mortality, supporting the use of A. salina as an effective model for toxicity testing in aquaculture. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the safety of carrageenan use in aquatic environments and contribute to the development of more sustainable practices in marine-based.
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