Journal of Marine Biotechnology and Immunology
Journal of Marine Biotechnology and Immunology is an open-access journal in an evolving and interdisciplinary field that aims to harness the potential of biotechnology to enhance the health and resilience of marine organisms, particularly those of economic and ecological importance. It plays a vital role in advancing aquaculture, marine conservation, and our understanding of the complex interactions between marine organisms and their immune systems. DOI : https://doi.org/10.61741/JMBI
Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in Whiteleg Shrimp: Microbiological and Biochemical Analysis
Vibrio cholerae is a pathogenic bacterium known to contaminate aquaculture products, including whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), and thereby represents a potential threat to public health through the food chain. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of V. cholerae in shrimp obtained from two aquaculture ponds (designated P and Q) located in West Java, Indonesia. Shrimp samples were subjected to standard microbiological and biochemical procedures for the detection and confirmation of the pathogen. The results revealed that samples from both ponds were positive for V. cholerae, despite the differences in culture conditions applied at each site. This finding provides preliminary evidence of V. cholerae contamination in shrimp aquaculture systems in Indonesia and highlights the critical importance of implementing rigorous biosecurity measures and maintaining effective water quality management practices to mitigate the potential risks of contamination in aquaculture production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Marine Biotechnology and Immunology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Potential of Coelomic Fluid Extract Sea Cucumber Acaudina sp. (Holothuroidea:Caudinidae) as an Antibacterial
Coelomic fluid is the internal medium of sea cucumbers and has multiple functions, including antimicrobial bioactivity, cytotoxicity, reproductive and stress responses, and osmotic volume regulation across sea cucumber species. Coelomic fluid is rich in coelomocytes, proteins, and small molecules that mediate innate immunity. This research aims to investigate the antibacterial properties of the coelomic fluid extract of Acaudina sp. This research employed the agar diffusion method as an antibacterial assay, followed by phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis. The results of this research indicate that the ethanol extract of coelomic fluid exhibits antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The biggest inhibition zone is against E. coli at 4.75±0.42 mm. The extract of coelomic fluid was indicated to contain saponin and steroid by phytochemical screening. According to GC-MS analysis, there are 20 bioactive compounds, most of which are groups of fatty acid compounds. The most commonly found bioactive ingredients are n-Hexadecanoid acid, Oleic acid, and Tridecanedial. Based on the results, the coelomic fluid extract of Acaudina sp. is not effective enough as an antibacterial agent, but it exhibits a broad-spectrum antibacterial ability.
Potential of Bacillus sp. as a Nitrifying Agent in Coastal Ecosystems: Isolation and Characterization from Awur Bay Beach, Jepara, Indonesia
Coastal waters often experience nitrogen pollution, which can be harmful to aquaculture. One potential approach to mitigate this issue involves the use of biological agents that can transform nitrogen compounds through nitrification and denitrification. This study aimed to identify local nitrifying bacteria capable of adapting to marine environments and reducing the ammonia concentrations. Seawater and sediment samples were collected from the Awur Bay Beach in Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia.. Isolation and purification processes employed specific autotrophic media to cultivate ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The measured parameters included the concentrations of nitrogen species, such as ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate, in the media before and after inoculation with the bacterial isolate. The incubation period was seven days. Nine pure isolates (four from seawater and five from sediment) were obtained and screened to identify bacteria that thrive at high ammonia concentrations. The results indicated that one potential isolate, S20-7, was identified as Bacillus sp. using 16S rRNA sequencing. Bacillus sp. demonstrated the ability to thrive in media with a salinity of 20‰ and reduced ammonia concentration by 37.19% from an initial concentration of 500 mg/L. This study highlights the potential of Bacillus sp. as a nitrogen waste degradation agent in coastal waters, particularly in wastewater treatment and aquaculture. Its ability to efficiently degrade ammonia nitrogen and nitrite, coupled with its tolerance to high concentrations of these compounds, makes it a valuable tool for improving water quality and mitigating the effects of nitrogen pollution in coastal ecosystems.
Small-Scale Depuration for Heavy Metal Removal in Green Mussels and Blood Cockles: Implications for Seafood Safety
Depuration treatment using clean, recirculating seawater for periods ranging from 3 to 7 days effectively reduced heavy metal concentrations in green mussels (Perna viridis) and blood mussels (Anadara granosa) to levels below the Standard. Cd decreased by up to 41% after 7 days. Lead (Pb) levels in P. viridis decreased from 2.01 to 0.73 mg/kg over 7 days of depuration. In A. granosa, Pb concentrations declined from 5.87 to 0.99 mg/kg within the same period. Copper (Cu) levels dropped significantly, from 8.05 to 1.58 mg/kg after 7 days. These findings indicate that small-scale depuration units effectively lower Cd, Pb, and Cu concentrations in green and blood mussels to levels below Standard, demonstrating both their practical value for improving seafood safety and their academic significance in advancing sustainable post-harvest treatment methods. This method offers great potential for enhancing seafood safety, supporting food security, and improving the marketability of seafood, while also demonstrating the feasibility of small-scale depuration as a sustainable approach applicable in developing regions.
Mangrove Vegetation Condition Based on Mangrove Canopy Cover Distribution in, Rembang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
Mangrove vegetation plays an important role in maintaining the balance of coastal ecosystems, yet its existence is increasingly threatened by human activities. Rembang Subdistrict is one of the areas affected by these threats. This study aims to analyse the condition of mangrove vegetation based on canopy cover using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in three coastal villages of Rembang Subdistrict: Pasar Banggi, Tireman, and Kabongan Lor. NDVI is suitable for mangrove analysis because it sensitively reflects vegetation density and health, allowing accurate detecteion of mangrove conditions. Canopy cover distribution was obtained from the processing of Sentinel-2A satellite imagery acquired in September 2024 with standard corrections. The mangrove vegetation condition was determined based on the guidelines for inventory and identification of critical land by the Ministry of Forestry (2005). The results show that NDVI values ranged from 0.2 to 0.6, indicating variations from sparse to dense mangrove cover. Such variation suggests localized degradation patterns within the mangrove ecosystem. Further research is needed to enrich the data and serve as a guide for mangrove area development in Rembang Subdistrict.
Microbiological Assessment of Escherichia coli Contamination in Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a globally important aquaculture commodity, including in Indonesia, due to its fast growth and salinity tolerance. Microbiological safety is crucial to protect consumer health and meet food quality standards. One key indicator in microbiological testing is the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli), which reflects fecal contamination from poor water quality or unhygienic post-harvest handling. This study aimed to detect and characterize E. coli contamination in L. vannamei from two different pond systems with contrasting environmental conditions. Sample Q was collected from a pond relying on rainwater near a goat pen, posing a higher risk of organic contamination. Sample R originated from a pond with a controlled single water gate system and more stable water quality. Microbiological analysis was performed using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method with Lauryl Sulfate Broth (LSB) and EC broth for presumptive tests, L-EMB agar for confirmation, Gram staining, and biochemical IMViC tests (Indole, MR, VP, Citrate). Results showed higher coliform and E. coli contamination in sample Q, detectable up to 10⁻³ dilution, while sample R was positive only at 10⁻¹ to 10⁻² dilutions. All isolates exhibited typical E. coli phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, including Gram-negative short rods and IMViC pattern Indole (+), MR (+), VP (–), Citrate (–). These findings highlight the importance of water quality management and hygienic handling to control microbiological contamination in L. vannamei. Routine testing and strict monitoring are essential to ensure food safety and enhance the competitiveness of Indonesian aquaculture products in global markets.
Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation in Different Mangrove Areas in Mangunharjo Village, Semarang, Indonesia
Mangroves are one of the coastal ecosystems that play a crucial role in carbon storage. This study aims to determine the differences in biomass and carbon stock values across different mangrove areas, namely natural, mangroves near aquaculture ponds, and rehabilitated mangrove in Mangunharjo Subdistrict, Semarang. The method used in this study was a field survey intended to measure the diameter of mangrove tree trunks as the baseline data for calculating mangrove stand carbon stock. The research was conducted in three areas selected using purposive sampling: natural mangroves, mangroves near aquaculture ponds, and rehabilitated mangroves, with each area consisting of two sampling stations and three transect plots, each. The size of the transect plots used was 10 m × 10 m. Data collection employed a non-destructive method based on allometric equations to estimate mangrove stand biomass. Overall, the estimated carbon stock of mangrove stands in Mangunharjo Subdistrict was 7,257.708 tons of carbon (tonC), with an average carbon stock value across the three areas of 120.36 tons/ha. The results showed that the rehabilitated mangrove area had the highest average biomass and carbon stock values, with biomass of 290.47 ± 23.19 tons/ha and carbon stock of 127.60 ± 10.23 tons/ha, followed by the near aquaculture ponds mangrove area with biomass and carbon stock values of 268.39 ± 66.16 tons/ha and 117.63 ± 28.96 tons/ha, respectively. The lowest values were found in the natural mangrove area, with biomass and carbon stock values of 264.25 ± 57.23 tons/ha and 115.85 ± 25.30 tons/ha, respectively.
Phytochemical Content and Toxicity Test of Kappaphycus Alvarezii Hot Water and Methanol Using BSLT Method
Investigating both the beneficial bioactive compounds and the potential toxicity of seaweed extracts provides crucial information to guide their development for nutritional, antioxidant activity, and even cytotoxicity against cancer cells. This study investigated the toxicity and phytochemical composition of hot water and methanol extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii using a brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) with Artemia salina larvae. K. alvarezii samples were extracted using hot water and methanol, and the extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening and toxicity testing. The hot water extract yielded 8.4%, comprising alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids, whereas the methanol extract yielded 2.4%, consisting of alkaloids and saponins. The BSLT results showed that larval mortality increased with higher extract concentrations, indicating a dose-dependent toxicity. Probit analysis revealed LC₅₀ values of 180.90 µg/mL for the hot water extract and 961.97 µg/mL for the methanol extract, classifying both as toxic according to Meyer's toxicity categories. The hot water extract demonstrated higher toxicity, potentially owing to its higher yield and presence of flavonoids. The bioactive compounds in K. alvarezii extracts, such as alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids, may contribute to their toxic effects on A. salina larvae. These findings suggest that K. alvarezii extracts have potential applications as antitumor and antibacterial agents. Antibacterials should be further explored for their immunostimulatory properties in aquaculture.
Strategies for Water Management in Shrimp Mariculture: A Case Study of Kedongkelor Village, Pemalang Regency
Water quality plays a crucial role in the success of shrimp mariculture. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between key water quality parameters and the growth performance and survival of shrimp in four mariculture ponds. Environmental variables, including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH. Results showed that temperature fluctuated between 26–31 °C, salinity ranged from 26.5–33 ppt, DO concentrations varied from 4.7 to 8.3 mg/L, and pH levels were stable between 7.3 and 8.2. Optimal evening temperature and DO levels did not show a consistent correlation with improvements in Average Daily Growth (ADG), Average Body Weight (ABW), or Survival Rate (SR). Pond 2, located closer to the water treatment reservoir, exhibited the highest growth performance and survival, highlighting the importance of water quality management. Conversely, Pond 3 showed reduced SR due to high stocking density and improper water management practices. Biosecurity measures, such as chlorine application and pond lining with High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), were implemented but require further efforts to prevent pathogen intrusion. The study emphasizes the critical need for continuous water quality monitoring, proper water circulation, and enhanced biosecurity strategies to support best shrimp farming production. Maintaining stable environmental conditions within optimal ranges can enhance shrimp growth, and survival, ultimately improving mariculture productivity.
Marine Ecological Analysis: Composition and Catch Diversity of Mini Purse Seine Fisheries in the Coastal Ecosystem of Jepara, Central Java
Ujungbatu Fish Auction Site is a coastal fisheries centre in Jepara Regency. The operation of mini purse seine contributes the most to fishery production than other fishing gears. Mini purse seines in Jepara Regency target small pelagic fish. Mini purse seine fisheries in Jepara are multi-species and operating one day fishing. The study aims to analyze the diversity of mini purse seine catches in Jepara coastal waters. Data collection was based on secondary data in the form of mini purse seine fisheries production data from Fish Auction Site Office. The data calculate to get the catch composition, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson's dominance index. Additionally, one-way ANOVA analysis used to determine the significant differences in species proportions. The results identified five fish species, namely Mackerel Tuna (Euthynnus affinis), Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger sp), Scads (Decapterus sp.), Squids (Loligo sp.), and Narrow-barred Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus sp.), with the highest catch was Indian Mackerel (26.40%). The one-way ANOVA show that there is no significant difference between the types of catches in each year. The diversity index was moderate (H=1.56), and the dominance index was low (C=0.22). This reflects a stable ecosystem with an even distribution of species and no significantly dominating species.
Antibacterial Activity of Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides Extracted from Sargassum sp. against Vibrio Species
The aquaculture industry's rapid expansion faces significant challenges in bacterial disease management, particularly infections caused by Vibrio species, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio harveyi. Excessive use of antibiotics has led to antibiotic-resistant strains, prompting the search for sustainable alternatives. Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from marine brown algae, such as Sargassum sp., exhibit promising antibacterial properties. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides extracted from Sargassum sp. against the three Vibrio species. Two extraction methods, stirring and aeration, were compared to evaluate their effects on antibacterial efficacy. Extraction using maximum stirring (100%) produced polysaccharides with the highest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 9.33 ± 1.57 mm, 11.75 ± 2.85 mm, and 12.96 ± 3.62 mm against V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. harveyi, respectively. Similarly, oligosaccharides extracted with 100% stirring showed inhibition zones of 8.38 ± 0.34 mm against V. parahaemolyticus and 10.25 ± 0.09 mm against V. harveyi. In contrast, aeration-based extractions showed limited antibacterial activity under all conditions tested. The superior efficacy of stirring is attributed to enhanced release of bioactive compounds from the seaweed matrix. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing extraction techniques to enhance the bioactivity of marine-derived compounds. Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from Sargassum sp. present a sustainable, natural alternative to antibiotics for disease control in aquaculture. This research contributes to the development of environmentally friendly strategies that improve productivity while reducing the risks associated with antibiotic resistance.
Evaluation of Carrageenan Yield and Toxicity from Kappaphycus alvarezii: Implications for Aquaculture and Environmental Impact
Carrageenan, a polysaccharide derived from red seaweeds, is widely used across industries due to its gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Among the species of red algae, Kappaphycus alvarezii is a key source for carrageenan production, especially in tropical mariculture systems. The extraction process involves several steps, including grinding, hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and drying, each critical for optimizing both yield and quality of the final product. Despite its industrial applications, concerns about carrageenan's toxicity have been raised, particularly its potential to induce inflammation and immunosuppression, which may affect aquatic organisms in mariculture systems. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of carrageenan from K. alvarezii and assess its toxicity on Artemia salina larvae as a bioassay model. Extraction was conducted at varying concentrations (6% to 10% of the seaweed weight), with the highest yield obtained at 6%. The carrageenan extract was then tested for toxicity on A. salina larvae at concentrations of 10,000 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 2,500 ppm, 1,250 ppm, and 625 ppm. Mortality rates increased with higher concentrations, with the highest concentration causing near-total mortality within 24 hours (94.67%). The LC50 value for carrageenan extract was calculated to be 4.24 μg/mL, indicating a concentration-dependent toxicity. The regression analysis showed a strong linear relationship between concentration and mortality, supporting the use of A. salina as an effective model for toxicity testing in aquaculture. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the safety of carrageenan use in aquatic environments and contribute to the development of more sustainable practices in marine-based.
Analysis of Phytoplankton Diversity in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp Ponds at Marine Science and Techno Park of UNDIP, Teluk Awur, Jepara
Phytoplankton are autotrophic microorganisms that play a crucial role in Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) pond ecosystems, serving as bioindicators of water fertility and pollution levels. This study aimed to assess the water quality conditions of L. vannamei ponds at MSTP UNDIP, Teluk Awur, Jepara, using phytoplankton-based biological indices, including the diversity index, uniformity index, and dominance index. A purposive sampling method was applied in two culture ponds of 200 m² and 1000 m². Water quality parameters measured included temperature, brightness, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, nitrite (NO₂⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), alkalinity, and total bacterial count. A total of 16 phytoplankton genera from four classes were identified: Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Oocystis, Tetraselmis, and Westella), Cyanobacteria (Anabaenopsis, Lyngbya, and Spirulina), Bacillariophyta (Cyclotella, Navicula, Streptotheca, and Thalassiosira), and Dinoflagellata (Dinophysis, Gyrodinium, Gonyaulax, and Gymnodinium). Phytoplankton abundance ranged from 460,000 to 780,000 cells/mL, with diversity index values of 1.04–1.94, uniformity index values of 0.47–0.93, and dominance index values of 0.19–0.57. The findings indicate that phytoplankton diversity in MSTP UNDIP L. vannamei ponds is classified as moderate, suggesting a relatively even species distribution. However, the dominance of Chlorella sp. may contribute to water instability, making the pond environment more susceptible to environmental fluctuations
Prevalence and Environmental Factors Affecting the Emergence of Black Band Disease and White Syndrome on Montipora Corals in Pari Island Waters, Seribu Islands, Indonesia
Coral reefs play an important role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems, yet diseases such as Black Band Disease (BBD) and White Syndrome (WS) contribute to a significant decline in coral cover. This research aims to analyse the prevalence of BBD and WS in the genus Montipora in Pari Islands waters, specifically in the leeward (Station 1) and windward (Station 2) areas. Data were collected at a depth of 3-6 m, including data on coral cover, coral disease and health problems, and water quality parameters. Coral cover was measured using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method along 20 m with three replications, while disease data used a 1 m wide belt transect to the left and right of the meter stretch. Data were analysed descriptively and comparatively by describing observations at each research station and comparing them between stations. The results showed that live coral cover in Station 1 was in the damaged category (15.50%), while Station 2 was in the moderate category (37.69%). The prevalence of BBD on Montipora corals was 1.09% in Station 1 and 0.32% in Station 2. Meanwhile, the prevalence of WS was higher with 2.15% in Station 1 and 4.05% in Station 2. The prevalence of both diseases was influenced by variations in seasonal conditions, especially fluctuations in water temperature, as well as high sedimentation which played a significant role in increasing the prevalence of WS.
Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Ulva sp. Using Acid and Toxicity Testing with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT)
This study investigates the extraction of sulfated polysaccharides from Ulva sp. at pH 3 and evaluates their toxicity using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) with Artemia salina. Artemia salina is utilized for its rapid life cycle and sensitivity to various chemical compounds, making it an effective bioassay organism for assessing the toxicity of natural extracts. The extraction process was conducted at both hot (80°C) and cold (room temperature) conditions, with the hot extraction yielding higher amounts of polysaccharides. The results indicated a wet extraction yield of 890 mL at 80°C and 800 mL at room temperature, while the highest dry weight yield was achieved at 80°C (0.57 g). The toxicity assessment revealed an LC50 value of 15,815.85 ppm, classifying the sulfated polysaccharides as non-toxic to Artemia salina. Maintaining optimal water quality parameters, including temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen levels, is essential for the successful cultivation of Artemia salina. Furthermore, the acidic extraction pH significantly influences the structure and chemical properties of the resulting polysaccharides, emphasizing the importance of this parameter in future applications. These findings support the potential use of sulfated polysaccharides from Ulva sp. as a safe and effective feed ingredient in aquaculture.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Marine Biotechnology and Immunology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Percentage of Hatching Success of Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelyis oliviceae) Eggs in Natural and Semi-Natural Nests and the Quality of the Turtle Conservation Community (TCC), Lombok, Indonesia
Sea turtles are internationally and nationally protected marine reptiles. One of the turtle species that can be found in Indonesia is the Olive Ridley turtle or Lepidochelys oliviceae. This study aims to determine the percentage of hatching success of turtle eggs in semi-natural and natural nests at TCC (Turtle Conservation Community), Lombok, determine the physical characteristics of natural and semi-natural nests of turtle eggs, and determine the quality of hatchlings produced in natural and semi-natural nests. The research method used is the descriptive exploration method, including determining the location with purposive sampling, collecting data on the size of Olive Ridley turtle mothers, the number of eggs, the depth and diameter of turtle egg nests, beach slope, nest temperature, substrate grains, beach vegetation, threats to turtle eggs, and locomotor quality of hatchlings. The results of this study are, the percentage of success in natural nests of Olive Ridley turtles is lower at 71.99% and semi-natural nests as much as 59.01%. The average temperature of both nests was 28.67, which is still optimal for turtle egg nesting. The type of grain in the two types of nests is also relatively fine. The slope of the beach is also still relatively gentle. Based on the research conducted by TCC (Turtle Conservation Community), it is suitable to support the success of Olive Ridley turtle hatching.
The Effect of Water Quality on the Performance Growth of Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at the Center for Brackish Aquaculture Fisheries
The Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a key species in global aquaculture, with its growth influenced by various environmental factors and nutritional quality. This study aimed to analyze water quality parameters and phytoplankton density, as well as assess the growth of juvenile Vannamei shrimp in circular ponds with low salinity (5-6 ppt). Shrimp were stocked at a density of 80 individuals per square meter in 5-ton capacity tanks and fed four times daily over a 30-day period. Water quality parameters, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and light intensity, were monitored bi-daily, revealing fluctuations that impacted shrimp health. Notably, plankton density assessments showed Cyclotella present on day 14 but absent on day 28, while Microcystis and Rhizosolenia were detected on day 28, indicating shifts in the phytoplankton community. The specific growth rate (SGR) of shrimp was measured at 18.69% per day, with initial and final weights recorded at 0.01 ± 0.00 g and 2.72 ± 0.23 g, respectively. This study highlights the importance of maintaining optimal water quality and understanding phytoplankton dynamics for enhancing shrimp growth. Additionally, it explores the potential benefits of alginate supplementation and the effects of low salinity on the growth of juvenile Vannamei shrimp, contributing valuable insights for sustainable aquaculture practices.
Antioxidant Activity and Bioactive Coumpounds Extract of Xylocarpus granatum Fruit from Pengudang Village, Riau Island
Xylocarpus granatum is a mangrove species found in coastal waters that performs photosynthesis with the aid of chlorophyll pigments. These pigments are considered bioactive compounds and are thought to have antioxidant properties. Natural antioxidants are essential for combating free radicals and reducing the carcinogenic effects of synthetic compounds over prolonged use. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of Xylocarpus granatum fruit extract from Pengudang Village. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method, while bioactive compounds were analyzed through steroid and triterpenoid, tannin, and saponin tests. The total flavonoid and phenol content were determined using quercetin and gallic acid solutions, and chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments were analyzed using acetone as the solvent. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of the Xylocarpus granatum fruit extract from Pengudang Village was in the very weak category, with an activity value of 236.46 ppm. The total chlorophyll a and carotenoid content were found to be 70.9 mg QE/g of the sample, while flavonoid content was 3.21 mg GAE/g, and phenolic content was 0.35 mg/g. Tannin and saponin contents were 0.69 mg/g and 0.5 µmol/g, respectively. These findings indicate that although the extract exhibits some antioxidant properties, it is relatively weak in comparison to other natural sources.
Vaname shrimp is one of the leading commodities of the aquaculture sector, with high production rates influenced by the rapid growth period and relatively short maintenance time, high stocking density production system, has a high appetite for food and has good resistance to disease. This study aims to assess the effect of water quality on the growth of vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in ponds. Water quality measured includes temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH, all of which play an important role in the growth and health of shrimp. The methods used in this study included periodic measurements of water quality parameters in the morning and evening in four ponds (A5.1, A5.2, A6.1, and A6.2), as well as observations of Average Body Weight (ABW), Average Daily Growth (ADG), and Survival Rate (SR) of shrimp. The results showed that ponds A5.1, A5.2, and A6.1 showed an increase in SR and biomass values, while A6.2 experienced a decrease in SR and biomass values caused by the outbreak of White Feces Disease. This is influenced by temperature, salinity, and DO parameters that are not in the optimal range for shrimp growth. Fluctuations in water quality parameters can significantly affect shrimp metabolism and health. Therefore, good water quality management, including water change cycles and sterilisation, is essential to prevent health problems and improve the growth of vaname shrimp. This study emphasises the need for attention to water quality in vaname shrimp farming to achieve optimal results.
Carbon Absorption Potential in Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in The Waters of East Melano Bay, Lemukutan Island, Bengkayang District, West Kalimantan Province
Increasing human activities have caused negative impacts on the environment, such as rising earth's surface temperature and extreme climate change. This impact is caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane. Marine vegetation such as seaweed Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. It can also help absorb carbon and reduce carbon emissions through the process of photosynthesis. Seaweed that has the potential to reduce carbon emissions is Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. which is located in the waters of East Melano Bay, Bengkayang Regency. This study aims to determine the density of seaweed species Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in East Melano Bay, as well as analyzing the carbon sequestration potential of seaweed. The method used is to use the descriptive method of exploration. The descriptive method of exploration aims to describe the state of a phenomenon. This study uses the quadrant transect method in sampling in the field, while the determination of carbon content uses the analysis of biomass, ash content, moisture content and volatile substances. The results of the analysis that have been carried out show the density value of Sargassum sp. has the highest value of 102.4 Ind/m2 and Padina sp. 76.05 Ind/m2. Carbon sequestration by seaweed Sargassum sp. is 105,637 tons of C/ha and Padina sp. amounting to 78,032 tons of C/ha. Based on the description in this study, it can be concluded that the highest carbon absorption is in Sargassum sp.
Growth of Litopenaeus vannamei using Synbiotics Supplementation Diet in Outdoor Low-Salinity Ponds Concerning Water Quality Parameters and Phytoplankton Communities
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of probiotic supplementation using L. bulgaricus FNCC-004 and prebiotics sodium alginate on the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, as well as water quality parameters and plankton density in a five tons circle outdoor pond for 30 days of rearing. Assessment was conducted on specific pathogen-resistant (SPR) shrimp. Shrimp weight, plankton density, and water quality, with samples collected from circular ponds. The probiotic L. bulgaricus FNCC–004 was prepared as feed supplementation by adding 2% sodium alginate into the incubated bacterial media. One kg of feed was mixed with 200 mL of media containing the alginate-probiotic mixture. Feeding frequency was four times a day. Water quality sampling involved temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and light intensity, measured twice daily. Plankton density was determined using a haemocytometer under microscope. Specific growth rate (SGR) of shrimp was calculated based on initial and final weights. Results showed variations in water quality parameters throughout the day, indicating the dynamic nature of the aquatic environment. Plankton density analysis revealed variations in species and abundance over the study period. The specific growth rate of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp was recorded at 17.44% per day. This study enhances understanding of the effects of synbiotics supplementation in the diet on shrimp growth and environmental conditions in aquaculture systems
Alginate – Gamat Gel Hydrogel Films as the Potential Wound Dressing
Alginate is a biopolymer that is biodegradable, non-antigenic, non-toxic, and has high biocompatibility. Gamat gels of sea cucumber Stichopus horrens are used to treat pain, wounds, and other ailments. Victims suffering from burn wounds frequently complain of pain and discomfort while being bandaged. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of alginate as the base biomaterial for hydrogel films and its interaction with gamat gels bioactive components. Antioxidant activity assay was done to the gamat gels using DPPH assay. Hydrogel films were prepared with different alginate concentrations of 1% w/v, 3% w/v, and 5% w/v. Film degradation was analyzed using stereo microscope. Mechanical characteristics were evaluated based on tensile strength, brittleness, elasticity, adhesion capacity, and the ease when handling the films. Hydrolytic stability was evaluated based on swelling capacity and matrix stability. Antibacterial activity assay was carried out using disk diffusion on Staphylococcus aureus. Results show that gamat gels have DPPH inhibition capacity of IC50 = 2937.5 ppm. The alginate concentrations treatment resulted in films with different morphology. Films with 5% w/v alginate concentration exhibit a rough surface, the better tensile strength, capability to conform to various surfaces, good adhesion (average detachment time of 60 seconds), swelling capacity of 11,96 ± 13,80%, and matrix stability with the average weight loss of 33,26%. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that alginate was able to bond with Ca2+ ions and the gamat gels. Gamat gels show inhibition zone of ≤ 5 mm. Films with 5% w/v alginate concentration were able to release bioactive compounds.
Microplastic Content in Fish and Sea Water at Air Tawar Coast, Padang City, Indonesia
Every year, millions of tons of plastic contaminate marine ecosystems, disrupting the natural balance and endangering marine life. Marine debris, especially plastic, is exposed to sunlight and repeated physical activities in the ocean, eventually breaking down into microscopic particles known as microplastics. This research aims to identify the presence of microplastics in fish and seawater at Air Tawar Coast, Padang City, Indonesia, based on their shapes, colors, and sizes. Seawater samples were collected at 3 stations using purposive random sampling along the direction of net trawling. Water samples were collected using a plankton net and filtered horizontally at the sea surface. Fish samples were obtained from the catches of fishermen, using trawl net (maelo pukek). The fish sampled were Selar and Kembung fish. Microplastics found in seawater and fish exhibited various shapes, including fibers, films, fragments, and pellets, with pellets and granules being the most dominant shapes. The colors of microplastics found in this study were black, brown, red, orange, blue, yellow, green, and purple, with dark colors (black and brown) being the most dominant. The abundance of microplastics at station 1 was 140.12 particles/m3, at station 2 was 151.27 particles/m3, and at station 3 was 129.61 particles/m3. The number of microplastic particles found in Kembung was higher than in Selar. On average, Selar fish contained 228 particles/individual, while Kembung fish contained an average of 267.5 particles/individual. The smallest particle size was found in pellet form, with a size of 8.12 µm, while the largest particle size was found in film form, measuring 174.56 µm.
Influence of Water Quality and Phytoplankton Community on the Growth of Litopenaeus vannamei in Low-Salinity Semi-Mass Circular Ponds
This study examines the dynamics of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation in low salinity aquaculture systems, focusing on water quality parameters, plankton diversity, and shrimp growth rates. Vannamei shrimp are favored in aquaculture due to their disease resistance, rapid growth, and high survival rates. Key water quality parameters, including dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, light intensity, pH, and salinity, were monitored over a 30-day period in low salinity ponds. The results showed significant fluctuations in these parameters, influencing shrimp health and growth. DO levels varied from 5.8 to 8.39 ppm in the morning and from 5.14 to 7.8 ppm in the afternoon. Water temperature ranged from 27.3°C to 32.3°C, light intensity from 3,170 to 66,300 lux, pH from 7.72 to 8.73, and salinity from 5 to 6 ppt. Plankton diversity and density, including species like Microcystis, Cyclotella, and Rhizosolenia, were also assessed, highlighting their role in the aquatic ecosystem. The specific growth rate (SGR) of the shrimp was calculated, showing a favorable growth rate of 2.32% per day. These findings indicate that maintaining stable water quality and diverse plankton populations is crucial for optimizing shrimp growth in low salinity aquaculture systems. This research provides valuable insights into the environmental conditions necessary for successful vannamei shrimp cultivation, emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring and management to ensure sustainable aquaculture
Identification of Brown Seaweed on The North and South Coasts of Java Island by Machine Learning
Seaweed is one of the marine organisms that can be found in almost coastal waters of Indonesia. Brown seaweed is a group of multicellular algae that have adapted to the marine environment. This study uses morphological identification methods for brown seaweed, further facilitated by utilizing machine learning technology. The aim of this research is to compare the identification based on morphological characteristics and by machine learning. The study focused on the North Coast of Teluk Awur and the South Coast of Krakal, Java Island, as the locations for field sample collection, utilizing three stations per water area with the method of collecting images of brown seaweed. The water quality parameters were determined as supporting data of environmental condition. The results of identification with machine learning compared with manual identification gave similar results. These show that on the North Coast, the genus Sargassum was identified with a high accuracy rate of 99.11%, while on the South Coast, the genus Sargassum was identified with an accuracy rate of 99.00%, the genus Padina with an accuracy rate of 99.15%, the genus Turbinaria 98.01%, and the genus Dictyota 96.42%. The growth of brown algae in the North Coast of Teluk Awur and the South Coast of Krakal was influenced by water quality factors such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and brightness.
Analysis of the Relationship between Water Quality Parameters and Phytoplankton Communities on the Growth of Litopenaeus vannamei Post-Larvae in Low Salinity Circular Ponds
The global demand for Litopenaeus vannamei, a prized shrimp commodity, has witnessed substantial growth, positioning Indonesia as a key exporter. However, the expansion of shrimp ponds has raised ecological concerns, contributing to the depletion of mangrove ecosystems. This study investigates the feasibility of transitioning L. vannamei cultivation to low salinity freshwater, utilizing circular ponds as a sustainable alternative on marginal lands. Over a 30-day period, the research comprehensively analyzed water quality parameters, phytoplankton communities, and the growth of L. vannamei post-larvae. The study observed fluctuations in essential water quality parameters, including Dissolved Oxygen (DO), temperature, light intensity, pH, and salinity, all remaining within acceptable ranges. Phytoplankton abundance, notably dominated by Cyclotella, signified conducive conditions for optimal shrimp growth. Specific Growth Rate (SGR) calculations underscored substantial growth, revealing an average daily weight gain of 3.6±11.96%. The findings underscore the pivotal role of water quality in the successful cultivation of L. vannamei. The adoption of low salinity freshwater in circular ponds emerges as a practical and sustainable alternative, particularly on marginal lands. This study provides valuable insights into sustainable shrimp farming practices, addressing environmental concerns associated with traditional pond expansion. Moreover, the research aligns with the imperative to meet the escalating market demand for this economically significant commodity.
The Influence of Enrichment with Ascorbic Acid and Fermipan on Artemia sp. Exposed to Salinity Shock
Artemia sp. plays a vital role in the natural feed used for cultivation due to its rich nutritional composition, primarily consisting of proteins and amino acids. Despite its nutritional value, the current profile of Artemia sp. falls short of being optimal for sustaining its life. To address this, a study focused on enriching Artemia sp. with ascorbic acid and fermipan during the salinity shock test. The research utilized a laboratory experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD). The toxicity test for ascorbic acid on Artemia sp. employed the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, and the obtained toxicity values were used to determine treatment dosages. Artemia sp. enrichment involved a 3-day soaking process with seven distinct treatments, each repeated for accuracy. The salinity test subjected Artemia sp. to salinities ranging from 25 ppt to 0 ppt, recording the survival rate every 4 hours until mortality occurred. The toxicity test revealed an LC50 value of 200.84, indicating the toxic nature of ascorbic acid against Artemia sp. In the salinity shock test, Artemia sp. demonstrated varying resistance levels, with the longest survival time observed in the AS 2 treatment (20 hours), followed by FR, C1, and C2 (16 hours), AS 3, C3, and the control (12 hours), and AS 1 (8 hours). The enrichment of ascorbic acid and fermipan significantly influenced the salinity shock test, but the combination of both did not have a significant impact on Artemia sp.'s response to salinity shock.
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Formulation of Ascorbic Acid and Skim Milk in Feed for Salinity Stress in Artemia sp.
Artemia sp. is recognized for its abundant and comprehensive nutritional profile, yet it lacks the inherent ability to produce vital elements such as vitamins, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), necessitating their acquisition from external sources. To augment the nutritional quality of Artemia sp., enrichment becomes imperative. This research aimed to evaluate the toxicity of ascorbic acid when used as a feed for Artemia sp. and investigate the influence of ascorbic acid enrichment and the addition of skim milk to the feed on Artemia sp.'s response to salinity stress. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The toxicity assessment of ascorbic acid utilized the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, yielding an LC50 value of 200.84 (> 1000 ppm), indicating toxicity to Artemia sp. Salinity stress resistance exhibited variability across treatments, with the longest survival times observed sequentially in Artemia sp. subjected to AS treatment 3 (20 hours), AS 2, and the control (16 hours), SM, AS 3, and C 1 (12 hours), and C 2 (8 hours). The enrichment of Artemia sp. feed with ascorbic acid and skim milk significantly influenced (sig. = 0.002) its resistance to salinity stress, with the optimal formulation identified at 200 ppm of ascorbic acid.
The Influence of Differences in Silicate Concentration on the Growth of Microalgae Thalassiosira sp. at the Laboratory Scale
Thalassiosira sp. is a planktonic microalga from the class Bacillariophyceae (diatom) used as natural feed in the cultivation of fish, shrimp, and mollusks. Some diatom species, including Thalassiosira sp., require silicate for the formation of their cell walls. This research aims to investigate the influence of different silicate concentrations on the growth of Thalassiosira sp. and determine the optimal silicate concentration for its growth. The method used is a laboratory experiment. Thalassiosira sp. microalgae were cultured with six different silicate concentration treatments: 0ppm, 5ppm, 10ppm, 15ppm, 20ppm, and 25ppm. The research results show that different silicate concentrations significantly affect (p<0.05) the growth (cell density) of Thalassiosira sp. The optimal cell density of Thalassiosira sp. is observed at silicate concentrations of 15 ppm and 20 ppm, with peak densities of 70x105cells/mL and 75.7 x105 cells/mL on the 6th day, respectively. The lowest cell density is recorded at a silicate concentration of 0ppm, reaching a peak density of 42x105 cells/mL on the 6th day. Based on these results, it can be concluded that different silicate concentrations can be applied to enhance microalgal density. Throughout the study, water quality measurements were conducted, revealing temperature ranging between 22-25°C, salinity between 35-37ppt, and pH within the range of 8-8.5. The water quality used in the study remains optimal for the growth of Thalassiosira sp.
Thalassiosira sp., silicate concentration, growth, density
Physico-Chemical Dynamics of Vanname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Cultivation Pond Water Quality with A Recirculation System
In 2021 Indonesia was experiencing an increase in shrimp exports. Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp is one of the shrimp with a good increase in exports and a type of shrimp with high resistance to environmental disturbances. Indonesia has land potential of about 2,964,331.24 hectares which can be used to increase shrimp production. The cultivation technique that can maximize this potential is a superintensive technique that uses closed aquaculture system. Recirculating Aquaculture system (RAS) is a closed aquaculture system that is suitable for shrimp farming because the water treatment is separated so that there is no significant change in environmental conditions. In this study, the RAS system was equipped with the use of an ultrafiltration membrane as a tool for the inflow water treatment. This study observe the physico-chemical water dynamics that occur during one cultivation cycle. It was observed that the DO of the pond decreased as the shrimp grew, the salinity increased during the cultivation process if there was no water replacement, the brightness decreased every day until it reached a specified point. Temperatures tended to be low due to weather factors, ammonia levels tended to decrease but nitrite and nitrate levels tended to increase due to the slower transformation rate of nitrite and nitrate. The operating system for this process was carried out by adding CaO and sugar. The addition of CaO ranges from 100-600 g/day. The effective addition of sugar if there was a spike in ammonia levels was 1.25 kg/day.